Psychophysiological Research and its Place in the Lithuanian Scientific Discourse
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Національний науковий центр «Інститут судових експертиз ім. Засл. проф. М.С. Бокаріуса»
Анотація
This article gives a brief overview of the development of psychophysiological research using the polygraph. The main focus is on the
legal regulation of these methods and the evaluation of the scientific
discourse of Lithuanian specialists on the problems of psychophysiological research and the application of its methods in comparison
with analogous processes in Poland. Already in the inter-war period,
so-called lie detection attracted considerable interest, not only from
the academic world, but also from law enforcement authorities. In
interwar Lithuania, considerable attention was paid to the psychology of testimony and the problems of lie detection, including the application of instrumental methods of psychodiagnostics. V. Lazerson,
J. Vabalas-Gudaitis, B. Kalvaitis and others have written about it.
It should be noted that at that time there were quite heated debates
about the permissibility and effectiveness of psychophysiological
tests. During the Soviet era, the issue of psychophysiological (polygraph) examinations was not the subject of an official broad scientific discourse in the jurisdictional process, even though medical and
psychological professionals cooperating with special services were interested in this issue. After the restoration of independence in 1990,
the Lithuanian media interest in this issue prompted the law enforcement authorities and their specialists and scientists to look deeper
into the possibility, reliability, permissibility and effectiveness of the
use of these technical diagnostic tools in foreign countries, as well as
into their compatibility with the Lithuanian law in the investigation
of crimes. In this article, some aspects of psychophysiological tests using the polygraph in Poland have been analysed for comparison
purposes, which in the neighbouring country have attracted considerably more attention, both in the academic world as well as among
lawyers and representatives of law enforcement agencies.
Опис
he problem of uncovering lies has always
been a concern for people. People have
sought to find out whether the person with
whom they are communicating is telling
the truth or lying. Without going back to
a time when cruel methods of interrogation and torture could still be used to establish the truth in legal proceedings, we must
note that from ancient times, ideas have
emerged for the use of certain methodologies, techniques, tools and, later on, devices that could objectify the establishment
of the truth in the investigation of criminal offenses. Every person, when lying,
experiences certain emotions that can be
noticed externally, such as a flushed face,
increased breathing, etc. By observing
a person’s emotions, gesticulations, changes in facial expressions and physiological
reactions, an attempt was made to identify
certain signs that might give away a person who is lying. Later, scientists from various
fields (philosophers, physicians, psychologists, psychiatrists) and representatives of
law enforcement agencies became interested in this problem and experimented
and tried to develop certain devices that
would make it easier to determine whether a person was telling the truth or lying.
V. Lazerson, J. Vabalas-Gudaitis, B. Kalvaitis and others wrote about interviewing
tactics and lie detection in interwar Lithuania. The problem of lie detection has been
and still is an issue of interest to lawyers,
criminologists and psychologists, including in contemporary Lithuania. Establishing the truth in criminal investigations has
always been one of the most important objectives of criminal proceedings. H. Gross
and E. Locard, the pioneers of scientific
forensic science, emphasised the need to
observe the interviewee’s emotions when
dealing with interrogation tactics, as this
allowed assumptions to be made about the reliability of testimony. Another pioneer
of forensic science, F. Galton, contributed
to the study of this problem by describing
the Word Association Test. R. Heindl and
E. Seelig conducted their own research in
the field of lie detection. At the beginning
of the 20th century, the scientific revolution in medicine (physiology), psychology
and various fields of engineering gave rise
to new methodological, methodological
and instrumental possibilities to observe
and measure the manifestation of human
emotions through certain physiological
changes in the body (symptoms). The study
of this issue has had several dimensions:
scientific academic (as one of the important areas of human cognition), forensic legal (as a tool to help evaluate the testimony
of the interviewee), and domestic applied
(with the aim of determining whether
a person is lying or telling the truth). Since
the beginning of the „polygraph era“, the
use of this tool has had both credible supporters and fierce opponents
Ключові слова
psychophysiological research, polygraph, lie detector, variograph, polygraph examination, history of polygraph
Бібліографічний опис
Malewski, H., Kraujalis, L. (2024). Psychophysiological Research and its Place in the Lithuanian
Scientific Discourse. Теорія та практика судової експертизи і криміналістики. Вип. 1 (34).
С. 58—75. DOI: 10.32353/khrife.1.2024.04.